[Brahmachari] Animananda [Rewachand Gyanchand]

Born Rewachand Gyanchand in Sindh. Converted to Catholicism in 1893 due to his association with Brahmabandhav Upadhyay. Co-editor of the monthly Sophia in 1894.

Primary 

• "Followers of the Light." The Light of the East (Oct. 1925) 5-8.
• "How I Found Christ." The Light of the East (Jun. 1935) 101-2. [Doyle 119.]
• "What I Found in the Church." The Light of the East (Mar. 1937) 48-50.
• "Appeal of Catholicism to India." Light of the East (Jan 1939) 4-7; (Feb. 1939) 25-27; (Mar. 1939) 49-52.
• "Whom Should We Love?" Light of the East (Jul 1940) 106-7. [Also Doyle 121.]
• The Blade: The Life and Work of Brahmabandhab Upadhyay. Calcutta: Roy & Son, n.d. [Robin Boyd, in An Introduction to Indian Christian Theology (Delhi: ISPCK, 2000) 63, suggests a publication date of 1947.]
• "Parmananda Mewaram." The Light of the East (Jun. 1939) 108-110; (Jul. 1939) 129-132; (Aug. 1930) 148-151; (Sep. 1939) 171-174; (Oct. 1939) 189-193; (Nov. 1939) 210-214; (Dec. 1939) 228-233.
• Paramanand Mewaram. The Light of the East Series, no. 29. Ranchi: Catholic Press. 
• Whom Should We Love? The Light of the East Series, no. 34. Ranchi: Catholic Press, 1940.

Secondary

• Turmes, P. A Teacher of Genius: B. Animananda. Calcutta: Xavier Publications, 1963. 
• Doyle, Sean M., ed. Light of the East: The Calcutta School of Jesuit Indology on Hindu Advaita Non-Dualism. Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources, Boston College, 2026.

Joseph Bayart, SJ

Primary bibliography

• The Hindu Trimurti and Saccidananda versus the Mystery of the Holy Trinity. Unpublished MS in India Academy Papers 1932, St Mary's Seminary, Kurseong, pp. 109-153. [See Baago 37.]
• "Le triple visage du divin dans l'Hindouisme." Nouvelle Revue Theologique (mars 1933).

Michel Ledrus, SJ (1899-1983)

• [French tr. and notes by M. Ledrus] Hugh of Saint-Victor (1096?-1141). Le gage des divines fiançailles (De Arrha animae). Museum Lessianum, section ascétique et mystique 12. Bruges: C. Beyaert, 1923. 
• Açoka le pieux (IIIe siécle avant J.C.). Figures indiennes. 4e série, N° 45, Xavierana (Publication mensuelle). Septembre 1927. 
• Pie XI. Le pape des missions. 8e série, N° 67, Xavierana (publication mensuelle). Juillet 1929.
• Beschi. 8e série, N° 90, Xavierana (publication mensuelle). Juin 1931. 
• "Bhasya-agama-advaita-drstanta: An illustration of Catholic Advaita." Light of the East 10 (Dec. 1931). [Mentioned in R. De Smet, Bibliography, 'The Theological Method of Samkara,' Doctoral Dissertation, Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University, 1953 (unpublished) 366-7.]
• "Apavada in Catholic Advaita." Light of the East 10 (June 1932). [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "The Pratijna in Catholic Advaita." Light of the East 10 (Aug 1932). [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "L'Absolu Brahmanique." Gregorianum (1932) 261-272. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "Tattvamasi." The Light of the East (Dec. 1932) 25-30. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "Chronique de philosophie orientale." Revue Neo-scolastique de Philosophie 35 (aout 1933) 426-458. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• L'inde profonde - Toukaram. Louvain: Éditions de L'aucam, 1933.
• "The Eternal Brahmanhood." The New Review [Calcutta] 2 (1935) 72-78. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "Themes et tendances de la philosophie indienne." Gregorianum fasc. I (1942) 7-34. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• "De Recursu ad Deum apud ethnicos Indiae specimina classica." Studia Missionalia 2 (1946) 55-71. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• 'Cursus de Philosophia Samkhyana.' Unpublished. [Cf. De Smet, Bibliography 366-7.]
• Introductio in doctrinam theologicam S. Ioannis a Cruce de contemplatione. Roma: Pontificia Università Gregoriana, 1955. 
• Appunti di dottrina spirituale (pro manuscripto). Ed. Monache di Viboldone. Milano, 1981. 
• Il Padre Nostro preghiera evangelica. Roma, Borla, 1981, 2000.
• Thèmes pour les Exercices Spirituels. Ejercicios 4. Roma: Centrum Ignatianum Spiritualitatis, 1976. 
• Via crucis. Comunità di Vita Cristiana, 1982. 
• With Jos Janssens. I frutti dello spirito. 4^th ed. Ancora, 1989. 
• Alla scuola del 'Ladrone' penitente. 2^nd ed. Apostolato della preghiera, 1992. 
• I frutti dello Spirito. Saggi di 'etica evangelica.' Ed. A. Tulumello. San Paolo Edizioni, 1998. 
• Siate santi... (Levitico 19, 2). In modi diversi consacrati all'unico amore. Ed. A. Tulumello. San Paolo Edizioni, 1999.
• Elementi di dottrina spirituale. Ed. A. Tulumello. Edicom, 2000.
• Obbedienza e discernimento. La condotta spirituale nella dottrina di S. Ignazio di Loyola. Ed. A. Tulumello. Gruppo Edicom, 2001.
• Il profumo della carità. Gruppo Edicom, 2005. 
• Padre nuestro, oración evangelica. San Pablo Ediciones, 2004.
• 'Sed santos': Consagrados al único Amor de diferente manera. San Pablo Editorial, 2006. 

Secondary Sources

• Doyle, Sean M., ed. Light of the East: The Calcutta School of Jesuit Indology on Hindu Advaita Non-Dualism. Boston: Institute of Jesuit Sources, Boston College, 2026.

From Franco Manzi, "I 'cinque ciottoli' della Chiesa del 'primo' Martini. Il professore diventato pastore e le sue idee-guida di ecclesiologia," in Franco Manzi, ed., Carlo Maria Martini. Il pastore del post-Concilio (Milano: Ancora Editrice, 2014) pp. 83-84, this confirmation that Ledrus the missionary and belgian indologist is the same as the Ledrus spiritual writer and professor at the Gregorian. Certainly we have the Cursus de Philosophia Samkhyana mentioned above, and the fact that Ledrus was one of De Smet's doctoral guides at the Gregorian in the 1950s.

"In una battuta potremmo dire che nella capacità di attualizzare il testo biblico per discernere la forma di Chiesa voluta dal Signore in una determinata situazione, Martini era figlio spirituale di Sant'Ignazio di Loyola, la cui Weltanschauung però egli approfondì specialmente attraverso altri tre maestri della Compagnia di Gesù: Michel Ledrus (1899-1983), suo direttore spirituale negli anni di studio in Gregoriana; Karl Rahner (1904-1984) e Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan (1904-1984), dei quali fu discepolo sostanzialmente autodidatta.Anzitutto, il filosofo belga Ledrus, che era stato missionario in India, rinsaldò in Martini la coscienza dell'essenza missionaria della Chiesa. Inoltre, profondo conoscitore com'era di Sant'Ignazio e di san Giovanni della Croce, gli trasmise l'attenzione alla tappe della crescita progressiva dei credenti, arricchendola con un'intuizione biblica, poi insegnata a più riprese dal cardinal Martini ai fedeli della sua diocesi: Marco era da considerare com il vangelo del catechumeno; Matteo, come quello del catechista; Luca, come quello dell'evangelizzatore; e Giovanni, come quello del presbitero. A riguardo di questo suo padre spirituale di un tempo, Martini riconobbe:

Mi ha sempre molto aiutato grazie alla sua grande intuizione psicologica della persona, delle vie di Dio, anche della stessa psiche; era infatti un po' psicologo. [M. Garzonio, Il profeta, 25; si leggano anche le pp. 26.45.413.] 

Con l'opera di Lonergan - secondo quanto il Cardinale ricordò nella prolusione a un convegno nel centenario della nascita –, il 'vero contatto' avvenne 'verso gli inizi degli anni Settanta'. Il libro del filosofo e teologo canadese Il metodo in teologia (1972), che Martini lesse 'quasi con avidità', fu per lui un metodo per mettere ordine nel proprio modo di pensare, come gli Esercizi spirituali di sant'Ignazio lo erano per ordinare la propria esistenza. [C.M. Martini, "Bernard Lonergan al servizio della Chiesa," in P. Gilbert - N. Spaccapelo (edd.), Il Teologo e la Storia: Lonergan's Centenary (1904-2004), Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Roma 2006, 1-11:2.] D'altronde, sotto il profilo ecclesiologico, grazie al Lonergan più 'mistico', Martini fu confermato nella convinzione del primato dello Spirito Santo nella vita della Chiesa, che egli aveva assunto dalla sua frequentazione degli Atti degli Apostoli, oltre che dalla spiritualità ignaziana: 

Da allora - concluse - ho sempre ripetuto e ripeto che il punto di partenza di ogni progetto pastorale non è un'analisi dei dati sociologici, ma l'intuizione di quei movimenti dello Spirito che suscitano nelle comunità gioia, pace, prontezza a servire ecc., secondo le coordinate indicate da Paolo in Gal 5,22-23 e corrispondenti a quelle delle beatitudini e di tanti altri passi evangelici. Venivo così a cogliere una saldatura pratica tra il discernimento tipico degli Esercizi Spirituali di sant'Ignazio, sopratutto con le regole sulla consolazione e la desolazione, e le regole ermeneutiche che ricavo dalle pagine di Lonergan. [Ibid. 5] 

De Smet material

For the record:

- I have asked at the JDV Registrar's Office for copies of De Smet's Latin notes (Metaphysica Generalis, etc.); they told me they had disposed of all matter from the pre-Vatican days, because there was simply too much junk accumulating.

- The bound typescripts of De Smet's articles (4 or 5 volumes) reserved in the JDV Library, which Banzelao Teixeira had found, and of which he had made copies (which I have in my possession), seem to have disappeared. When I went to check them last year, they were not to be found. The Librarian and his assistants did not know what had happened to them.

- It is just possible that some of De Smet's students might have retained the Latin notes. Asking around for them, last year at Boston Charles O. Oduke, SJ, a student of F.X. Clooney's, put me in touch with Antonio de Nicolas, the brother of the current Jesuit General. He had been a student of De Smet's in Pune, but he told me he did not have copies of the notes. (De Nicolas is Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at SUNY, Stonybrook. His book Habits of the Mind is dedicated to De Smet.)

Asian Christian Theologies, ed. John C. England et al

England, John C., Jose Kuttianimattathil, John M. Prior, Lily A. Quintos, David Suh Kwang-sun, Janice Wikeri, ed. Asian Christian Theologies: A Research Guide to Authors, Movements, Sources. Vol. 1: Asia Region 7th-20th centuries; South Asia; Austral Asia. Delhi: ISPCK / Claretian Publishers; Maryknoll: Orbis, 2002. 220-1: Pierre Johanns, sj (1882-1955).
This is a precious resource, as far as a bibliography of Indian Christian Writings is concerned.
It is, of course, of a far larger scope than "Indian Christian Writings." However, its extension is also its limitation. It is not able to cover the whole area of Indian Christian Writings. 
Some glaring omissions: 
Thomas Stephens is mentioned, but in passing. 
Except for Pierre Johanns, none of the other members of the Calcutta School of Indology find mention. 
There is not a single mention of the work of Richard De Smet. 
Much work to be done, therefore, in producing a proper bibliography of Indian Christian Writings. 
Still, the resources mentioned will be helpful.

Jacome Gonsalves (1676-1742)

Life
Born and baptized on 8 June 1676 in the parish church of Our Lady of Grace, Chorao, Goa. Eldest son of Thomas Gonsalves and Mariana de Abreu, living in the parish of Our Lady of Pity (Piedade), Divar, Goa. His family had been Christians for 2 or 3 generations, being among the first converts at the beginning of Portuguese rule in Goa.
Gonsalves studied at the Jesuit College of Goa. He enrolled in the University of Goa [probably the Collegio Sao Paolo], and obtained the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1696 he began theological studies at the Academy of St Thomas Aquinas in Goa, where he also held the post of organist. This seems to have led him to develop a taste for poetry, prose and music.
He decided to enter the Oratorian Congregation of Goa. He was appointed to the chair of philosophy at the University of St Paul's in Goa [probably the Collegio Sao Paolo]. He took up his post in January 1705, but relinquished it the same year to go to Sri Lanka.
He left Goa on 9 May 1705 and reached Sri Lanka on 30 August 1705, arriving at Talaimannar. At the time, he knew Konkani, Portuguese, Latin and Spanish. During the long journey he studied Tamil. He mastered this language during his first assignment on the islands of Mannar, Arippu, Musali and other places in the Munnar district. He also learnt Dutch.
Fr Jose Vaz sent him to Kandy to learn Sinhala. Fr Gonsalves studied with the Buddhist monks at the Malwatta Chapter, known for their high and elegant Sinhala.
He wrote many of his works at Bolawatta, near Negombo. Since there was no printing press, he employed 12 Sinhala clerks to copy his works.
He is called the Father of Sinhala Catholic literature.
He died on 17 July 1742.

Primary bibliography

• Deva Veda Puranaya. [or: Deva Arulveda Puranam.] Part I: Purantima Kandam, pp. 197. Part II: Paccima Kandam, pp. 130. [Compendium of the Bible in 2 parts. 400 printed pages. Undoubtedly influenced by Thomas Stephens' Khristapurana. The description of the Garden of Eden includes local trees: jackfruit, sugar cane, king coconut, timbiri, sandalwood, blue lotus.] Written 1725. 1886. [Dr. Pieris.]
• Veda Kavyaya.
• Suvisesha Viriturai. [Explanation of the Gospels for Sundays.] Written 1728, printed 1848.
• Viyakula Pirasangam. [Sermons on the Passion.] Written 1730, printed 1844. Nine sermons on the passion; the most popular of Fr Gonsalves' works. Catholics in Ceylon still use them during passion week or at Passion plays.] [Dr. Pieris.] 
• Gnana Unartchy. [Spiritual Exhortation.] Written 1734, printed 1844. 14 exhortations dealing with the soul, the end of man, the malice of sin, vanity of life, death, judgment, hell and heaven. [Dr Pieris.]
• Sukirta Tarpanam. [Mirror of Virtues.] Written 1735, printed 1914. 15 chapters, meant to lead the repentant soul in the path of virtue. [Dr Pieris.]
• Sattiya Vedagama Sanshpam. [Summary of Biblical History.] Written 1736, printed Madras, 1875. A summary of the Deva Arulveda Puranam divided into 8 eras or Yugams, the last yugam being that of Christ. 
• Trilingual dictionary. [Portuguese, Tamil, Sinhala.]
• Christiyana Alayam. [The Christian Treasure House.] MS, 1725 [ACT 1:74]. Possibly the oldest prayer book in Tamil now extant. Apart from the prayers, it contains a short Catechism of Christian Doctrine and a few meditations. [Dr. Pieris]
• Matara Pratyaksaya. [Enlightenment of the kingdom of the mature.] Octavo, 1733.
• 
  

Secondary bibliography

• Fernandopulle, Anthony. Father Jacome Gonsalves: Sinhala Christian Literary Hero: A Study of the Sinhala Literary Works of Fr Jacome Gonsalves (1676-1742). Colombo: St Peter's College, 2000.
• Perera, S.G. The Life of Fr Jacome Gonsalves. 1945. 
• Boudens, R. The Catholic Church in Ceylon under Dutch Rule. Rome, 1957.
• Peter, W.L.A. Don. Historical Gleanings. Colombo, n.p., 1992.
• Peter, W.L.A. Don. Star in the East. 1995. 
• Pieris, Edmund. Sinhalese Christian Literature of the XVII and XVIII centuries. 1943. 
• Pieris, Edmund. "Tamil Catholic Literature in Ceylon." Tamil Culture, 2:237ff.
• Perniola, V. The Catholic Church in Sri Lanka: The Dutch Period. 2 vols. Dehiwala: Tissara Prakasakayo, 1983.
• Peter, W.L.A. Don. Studies in Ceylon Church History. Colombo: Catholic Press, 1963.
• Goonetileke, H.A.I. A Bibliography of Ceylon. 5 vols. Zug: Switzerland, 1975-1983.
• Perera, S.G., ed. The Oratorian Mission in Ceylon: Historical Documents relating to the Life and Labours of the Venerable Father Joseph Vaz, his Companions and Successors. Colombo: Caxton Printing Works, 1936.
• Perniola, V., tr. The Catholic Church in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese Period: Original Documents. Ceylon Historical Journal monograph series 15-16. Dehiwala: Tissara Prakasakayo 1989-(1991). [1:77.]
• Wickremasinghe, Martin. Landmarks of Sinhalese Literature. Colombo: Gunasena, 1948/1963.

More copies of the Khristapurana

The last week has been particularly fertile in terms of unearthing traces of copies of Thomas Stephens' Khristapurana.

Fr Angelo Monteiro who teaches at the Rachol Seminary, Goa, told me that the current Rector of the Seminary is in contact with two people who have manuscripts of the Khristapurana, one in Mapusa, the other in Arambol. Both are, for the present, unwilling to part with or even allow copies to be made of their manuscripts. [News as of 31 January 2011: According to Fr Michael Mascarenhas, SDB, the Arambol copy has been acquired by Fr Pratap Naik, SJ, Director of the Thomas Stephens Koknni Kendr, Alto Porvorim, Goa.]

Fr Michael Mascarenhas pointed out to me yesterday that Jacome Goncalves, famous follower of Jose Vaz, had carried the Khristapurana to Sri Lanka, and had made a translation of it into Singalese, under the title Deva Veda Puranaya. Some indications are in Fr Michael's book, Storm and Tempest: Life of Jose Vaz. So Sri Lanka becomes another field of search!

"The term [purana] was also used by Thomas Stephen [sic], a missionary from England, in the title of his book Christ Purana, written in Konkani language. This important work consists [sic] 10,962 verses, and undoubtedly it influenced Fr Gonsalves' Deva Veda Puranaya." (A. Fernandopulle, Father Jacome Gonsalves: Sinhala Christian Literary Hero [Colombo: St Peter's College, 2000] 14)